Clinical Education Secretaries
Louis B. Cantor, MD, Senior Secretary for Clinical Education
Christopher J. Rapuano, MD, Secretary for Lifelong Learning and Assessment

Ophthalmology Liaisons Committee
Samuel P. Solish, MD, Chair 
Richard C. Allen, MD, PhD 
Rebecca Sands Braverman, MD 
Humeyra Karacal, MD 
Joseph T. Nezgoda, MD, MBA 
Martha P. Schatz, MD 
Howard S. Weiss, MD 
Diana J. Shamis, MHSE, CO, COMT, Consultant 
Christine Sonnie, RN, Consultant 

American Academy of Ophthalmology Staff 
Dale E. Fajardo, Vice President, Education 
Beth Wilson, Director, Continuing Professional Development 
Daniel Mummert, Director, Online Education 
Susan R. Keller, Acquisitions Editor 
Kim Torgerson, Publications Editor 
D. Jean Ray, Production Manager 
Jasmine Chen, Manager, E-Learning 
Donna Scism, E-Editor/Proofreader 
Eric Gerdes, Interactive Designer 
Debra Marchi, Administrative Assistant

Content Contributors
Donna M. Applegate, COT, New Albany, Indiana
Rebecca Sands Braverman, MD, Aurora, CO
D. Hunter Cherwek, MD, New York, New York
Neil T. Choplin, MD, San Diego, California
Peter C. Donshik, MD, FACS, Bloomfield, Connecticut
Lee R. Duffner, MD, FACS, Hollywood, Florida
Lindreth G. DuBois, MEd, MMSc, CO, COMT, Atlanta, Georgia
William H. Ehlers, MD, Avon, Connecticut
Mitchell J. Goff, MD, Salt Lake City, Utah
David A. Goldman, MD, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Damien F. Goldberg, MD, Torrance, California
Karl C. Golnik, MD, Cincinnati, Ohio
Erich P. Horn, MD, MBA, Oakland, California
Heather Machin, RN, Brisbane, Australia
Mark Mattison-Shupnick, ABOM, FNAO, Petaluma, California
Helen B. Metzler, COT, CCRP, ABO, Eugene, Oregon
Kenneth B. Mitchell, MD, Jacksonville, Florida
Emanuel Newmark, MD, FACS, Atlantis, Florida
Mary A. O'Hara, MD, FACS, FAAP, Sacramento, California
Martha P. Schatz, MD, San Antonio, Texas
Larry B. Schwab, MD, Morgantown, Virginia
Frank W. Scribbick III, MD, San Antonio, Texas
Diana J. Shamis, MHSE, CO, COMT, Gainesville, Florida
Charles B. Slonim, MD, FACS, Tampa, Florida
Morgan L. Taylor III, CPA, COE, Atlantis, Florida
Hai H. Tong, OD, Sacramento, CA
Sue J. Vicchrilli, COT, OCS, Murray, Utah
Jay S. Wallshein, MD, MBA, Atlantis, Florida



The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. It is not intended to represent the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor to replace a physician’s own judgment, directions, or orders, or give specific advice for case management. Including all indications, contraindications, side effects, and alternative agents for each drug or treatment is beyond the scope of this material. All information and recommendations should be verified, prior to use, with current information included in the manufacturers’ package inserts or other independent sources, and considered in light of the patient’s condition and history. Reference to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in this publication is made for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Some materials may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise from the use of any recommendations or other information contained herein. The authors listed made a major contribution to this module. Substantive editorial revisions may have been made based on reviewer recommendations.
AAO, AAOE, American Academy of Ophthalmology, Basic and Clinical Science Course, BCSC, EyeCare America, EyeNet, EyeSmart, EyeWiki, Focal Points, IRIS, ISRS, OKAP, ONE, Ophthalmic Technology Assessments, Ophthalmology, Preferred Practice Pattern, ProVision, SmartSight, The Ophthalmic News & Education Network, and the AAO logo (shown on cover) and tagline (Protecting Sight. Empowering Lives) are, among other marks, the registered trademarks and trademarks of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Copyright © 2017. American Academy of Ophthalmology®. All rights reserved.


Financial Disclosures
The authors, reviewers, and consultants disclose the following financial relationships:  D. Hunter Cherwek, MD: (E) Alcon Laboratories. Mitchell J. Goff, MD: (L) Allergan; (C,L) Genentech, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, ThromboGenics. David A. Goldman, MD: (C) Alcon Laboratories, Bausch + Lomb, Bausch + Lomb Surgical, Calhoun Vision, Compare Networks, Diopys, Lumenis, Novabay, Valeant; (C,O) Allergan, Modernizing Medicine. Samuel P. Solish, MD: (C) Allergan.

The following contributors state that they have no significant financial interest or other relationship with the manufacturer of any commercial product discussed in the chapters that they contributed to this book or with the manufacturer of any competing commercial product. Richard C. Allen, MD, PhD; Neil T. Choplin, MD; Humeyra Dabil, MD; Peter C. Donshik, MD, FACS; William H. Ehlers, MD; Damien F. Goldberg, MD; Erich P. Horn, MD, MBA; Susan R. Keller; Karl C. Golnik, MD; Kenneth B. Mitchell, MD; Emanuel Newmark, MD, FACS; Joseph T. Nezgoda, MD, MBA; Mary A. O'Hara, MD, FACS, FAAP; Rebecca Sands Braverman, MD; Martha P. Schatz, MD; Diana J. Shamis, MHSE, CO, COMT; Christine Sonnie, RN; Larry B. Schwab, MD; Charles B. Slonim, MD, FACS; Hai Huu Tong, OD; Kim Torgerson; Sue J. Vicchrilli, COT, OCS; Howard S. Weiss MD.

C = Consultant fee, paid advisory boards or fees for attending a meeting
E = Employed by a commercial entity
L = Lecture fees (honoraria), travel fees or reimbursements when speaking at the invitation of a commercial sponsor
S = Grant support for the past year (all sources) and all sources used for this project if this form is an update for a specific talk or manuscript with no time limitation